Day 1: A (Really) Brief Look at How Imperialism Shaped Africa

I was in the middle of a blog about Darfur, about to explain the history of Sudan when I realized that what I was going to say would apply to a lot of Africa. I decided that perhaps starting day 1 with a history of imperialism in Africa would be more appropriate. It seems a good introduction and very necessary background for the rest of the month.

The first reaction a lot of people have had upon hearing that I want to go to Africa is, "Is it safe?" This is not an altogether unfounded question - the history of Africa in the 20th century has been, generally speaking, one of violence, upheaval, and tragedy. However, one would have to look a little further back to understand the true reasons for this.

European exploration began in the late 1700s, and a fair portion of northern Africa was mapped by the early 1800s. It didn't take long for Europeans to realize that the continent was ripe with resources (think gold, copper, diamonds, rubber and more). That, coupled with medical and technological advances that made the travel through Africa possible, created what is known as the "Scramble for Africa."

In 1884, The Berlin Conference was called with the intention of setting guidelines for African Colonization. (And as I'm sure you guessed, Africans weren't invited.) The Conference, among other things, set up "spheres of influence" where major European powers could exert their claim to African territories. Their agenda for splitting the continent was absurd. Lines were drawn with no consideration for indigenous people groups, the majority of whom had already drawn their own lines and worked out their own peace accords.

African colonies began their fights for independence after World War II, with the majority of Africa gaining independence by the late 1960s (there were a few stragglers). It is here that the long-term effects of imperialism are seen.

In some cases, civil wars erupt because countries that Europe created involved vastly different cultures and European rule had only exacerbated the differences (see: Sudan). In some cases, civil wars erupt because European rule actually involved creating upside down power structures, where ethnic minorities were given all the power and opportunities, while ethnic majorities were oppressed (see: Rwanda), creating all sorts of animosity and trouble when Europe pulled out.

And those countries lucky enough to have stable governments post-colonialism struggle to feed their citizens and watch as their countrymen die in famines. These famines occur because of drought, certainly, but also because Africans were forced into growing cash crops such as cotton and tobacco, to the detriment of their own food crops. Even after European rule was gone, African farmers continued to supply Europe with their "needs," while maintaining only small subsistence plots for themselves - and growing food that they hardly learned to cultivate during the prior 100 years.

In short, the history of Africa has played out like the history of most of the developing world: The First World (that's us, folks) was built on the blood, sweat, and tears of the Third World. Every major "gain" for industrialism and capitalism was at a great cost for those we considered to be inferior.

Do I consider this to be an exhaustive look at how imperialism shaped the Africa we know today? Certainly not. In fact, I'm a little embarrassed at how little it really dives into the issues. Luckily, we have another 30 days to dive in deep. At the very least, I hope this gave you a little more insight into how modern Africa was formed and will make the next 30 days a little easier to understand.

Until tomorrow, friends. Love.